FAQ

For effective compatibility in off-grid systems, batteries utilizing solar panels need a “deep cycle” battery. Deep cycle batteries are designed for continuous charging and discharging, which is the exact solar application. Starter batteries are designed to crank an engine with momentary high loads and for a few seconds. This means that starter batteries cannot be deep cycle because the emphasis is on immediate power and not capacity.

Deep cycle batteries will have an Amp Hour (Ah) rating, whereas starter batteries might also have an Ah rating or a reserve capacity (RS) rating as well as a Cold Cranking Amp (CCA) rating. CCA refers to the starter battery being able to deliver power at cold temperatures. Starter batteries cannot be swapped out for deep cycle battery and vice versa. The battery chemistry inside a starter battery would fail or dissolve in a deep cycle application.

Yes, but you need to pay attention to the controller without parallel function, there is a certain probability that the controller will detect the battery voltage inaccurately.

No, your battery is not failed. The instant increase or decrease in battery percentage on the charge controller does not really mean the gain or loss of battery capacity. The battery percentage on the charge controller is estimated solely based on the battery terminal voltage. On the charge controller side, the battery is considered as fully charged when the battery terminal voltage rises to 14.4V and is considered as fully discharged when the battery terminal voltage drops to 11.0V. However, the battery terminal voltage can be heavily affected by the charge current and discharge current. The charge current will rapidly raise the battery terminal voltage of a resting battery at the first minute of charge, resulting in an instant increase in battery percentage on the charge controller. Thereafter, the battery percentage will increase steadily with the battery terminal voltage until the end of the charge. But once the charge current is cut off, the battery terminal voltage will rapidly drop to its resting level and cause an instant decrease in battery percentage on the charge controller. Similarly, the discharge current will rapidly lower the battery terminal voltage of a resting battery at the first minute of discharge, resulting in an instant decrease in battery percentage on the charge controller. Thereafter, the battery percentage will decrease steadily with the battery terminal voltage until the end of the discharge. But once the discharge current is cut off, the battery terminal voltage will rapidly rise to its resting level and cause an instant increase in battery percentage on the charge controller. The greater the charge or discharge current, the more obvious the instant increase or decrease in battery percentage on the charge controller.

For a more accurate battery percentage estimation, the easiest way is to measure the battery open circuit voltage and find the corresponding battery percentage in the following chart. The battery open circuit voltage is the voltage between the battery terminals with no load or charge applied. The battery must be disconnected from the system and rest for at least 2 hours before the measurement.

a. Charge and maintain the battery with a three-stage charge controller or battery charger. The three-stage charge controller or battery charger prevents the battery from overcharging and compensates for self-discharge after the battery is fully charged.

b. Set the charging parameters properly. Proper charging parameters prevent the battery from overcharging or undercharging. Please refer to the following table for recommended charging parameters.

SKU		RNG-BATT-AGM12-100	RNG-BATT-AGM12-200	RBT100GEL12-G1	RBT200GEL12-G1
Product Name		12V 100Ah Deep Cycle AGM Battery	12V 200Ah Deep Cycle AGM Battery	12V 100Ah Deep Cycle Hybrid GEL Battery	12V 200Ah Deep Cycle Hybrid GEL Battery
Boost Charge	Charging Voltage (25°C / 77°F)	14.4V~14.8V		14.2V-14.4V
	Temperature Compensation	-24mV/°C
	Maximum Duration	2-4 Hours
Float Charge	Charging Voltage (25°C / 77°F)	13.5V-13.8V	13.6V-13.8V
	Temperature Compensation	-18mV/°C

c. Equalize the battery bank periodically. The equalization charge corrects the voltage imbalance between individual batteries in the battery bank due to the manufacturing variances and different charge/discharge histories experienced. Please refer to the following table for recommended equalization charge parameters.

SKU		RNG-BATT-AGM12-100	RNG-BATT-AGM12-200	RBT100GEL12-G1	RBT200GEL12-G1
Product Name		12V 100Ah Deep Cycle AGM Battery	12V 200Ah Deep Cycle AGM Battery	12V 100Ah Deep Cycle Hybrid GEL Battery	12V 200Ah Deep Cycle Hybrid GEL Battery
Equalization Charge	Charging Voltage (25°C / 77°F)	14.4V-14.8V	14.2V
	Temperature Compensation	-18mV/°C
	Maximum Duration	2-4 Hours
	Recommended Interval	30 Days

d. Connect battery balancers to the battery bank. The battery balancer compares the voltages of individual batteries in the battery bank and compensate for the voltage imbalance during the charging or discharging process.

e. Connect only identical batteries in parallel and/or in series. Do not mix batteries with different brands, models, chemistries, nominal voltages, rated capacities, or ages. Doing so could create a dangerous circuit, resulting in shortened battery service life or even battery damage.

f. Fully charge each battery individually to eliminate the voltage difference before initially connecting the batteries in parallel and/or in series. The voltage imbalance between individual batteries in the battery bank could cause battery overheating, overcharging, or undercharging, resulting in shortened battery service life.

g. Connect power sources and electric loads on opposite corners of the battery bank. The opposite connection helps even out the charging and discharging of each battery in the battery bank.

h. Do not discharge the battery below 50%. Discharging the battery below 50% frequently seriously shortens the battery service life.

i. Fully charge the battery immediately after each discharge. Long-term undercharging could cause the buildup of lead sulfate crystals on the battery plates and lead to early battery failure.

j. Conform to the maximum charge and discharge current limitations. High charge current or discharge current shortens the battery service life or even damages the battery.

k. Charge and discharge the battery at room temperature. High temperatures shorten the battery service life and low temperatures reduce the effective battery capacity.

l. Fully charge the battery before storage. Check the battery open circuit voltage regularly and charge the battery at least once every three months to compensate for the self-discharge.

m. Store the battery in a cool and dry location. Avoid hot and cold environments to prevent the battery from shortened service life.

(1) Identify the lagging battery in the battery bank

The lagging battery is the battery whose voltage is significantly lower than other batteries in the battery bank. First, charge the battery bank using a three-stage charge controller or battery charger until the charge current tapers to 0.03C. Then, discharge the battery bank at the standard discharge current 0.05C and measure the individual battery terminal voltages. Repeat the above charging and discharging process 3 times. If there is a battery whose terminal voltage is lower than the average terminal voltage of the battery bank by more than 5% in all the 3 discharge processes, that battery can be considered as a lagging battery.

(2) Equalize the battery bank

Equalize the battery bank with the proper equalization charge parameters and repeat the step (1). If the terminal voltage of the lagging battery is still lower than the average terminal voltage of the battery bank by more than 5%, proceed to the step (3).

(3) Determine whether the lagging battery is failed

First, disconnect the lagging battery from the battery bank and charge the lagging battery using a three-stage charge controller or battery charger until the charge current tapers to 0.005C. Then, disconnect the lagging battery from the charge controller or battery charger and rest for 1-4 hours. Use the following 2 methods whichever is applicable to determine whether the lagging battery is failed.

a. Measure the internal resistance of the lagging battery with a battery tester and compare the result with the rated internal resistance in the following table. If the measured internal resistance is greater than the rated internal resistance by more than 50%, the lagging battery is failed.

SKU	RNG-BATT-AGM12-100	RNG-BATT-AGM12-200	RBT100GEL12-G1	RBT200GEL12-G1
Product Name	12V 100Ah Deep Cycle AGM Battery	12V 200Ah Deep Cycle AGM Battery	12V 100Ah Deep Cycle Hybrid GEL Battery	12V 200Ah Deep Cycle Hybrid GEL Battery
Rated Internal Resistance	5mΩ	3.5mΩ	6mΩ	4.2mΩ

b. Discharge the lagging battery to the cut-off voltage 10.5V at the standard discharge current 0.05C. Record the start time and end time. Measure the ambient temperature, battery terminal voltage, and discharge current every 30 minutes during the discharging process. The measured discharge current should not deviate from the standard discharge current by more than 1%. The measurement should be performed more frequently near the end of the discharge to catch the cut-off voltage. Calculate the lagging battery capacity using the following formula:

Lagging Battery Capacity = I x t / [1 + K x (T-25)]

Where I is the standard discharge current, t is the discharge time. K is the temperature coefficient, which is equal to 0.006/℃. T is the average ambient temperature during the discharging process. If the lagging battery capacity is less than 50% of the battery rated capacity, the lagging battery is failed.

(4) Rejuvenate the battery (Optional)

Disconnect the lagging battery from the power sources and electric loads. Rejuvenate the battery with a battery regenerator and repeat the step (3). If the lagging battery is still failed, replace it.

DON’TS

a. DO NOT mix brands

b. DO NOT mix models

Note: Pure GEL – SKU: RNG-BATT-GEL12-100, RNG-BATT-GEL12-200; Hybrid GEL – SKU: RBT100GEL12-G1, RBT200GEL12-G1

c. DO NOT mix chemistries

d. DO NOT mix nominal voltages

e. DO NOT mix rated capacities

f. DO NOT mix ages

g. DO NOT connect batteries with an open circuit voltage difference greater than 10% of the nominal voltage

DOS

a. Connect power sources and electric loads on opposite corners of the battery bank

b. Connect individual battery strings separately to a common junction point or box for a series-parallel connection

c. Use battery balancers to balance series connected or series-parallel connected battery banks

Leak Acid:

The sulfuric acid electrolyte is immobilized and sealed in the battery. The battery should not pose a risk of acid leakage if it is handled properly. However, with a cracked casing, the sulfuric acid electrolyte will eventually start seeping out and cause corrosion to the materials in the surrounding areas. The battery casing may crack due to dropping, collision, or high current charge/discharge.

Swell Up:

In the battery, the positive and negative plates are placed close together with only the thickness of the divider separating them. The battery is constructed in such a way to allow the absorption of gases generated during the charging process inside the battery. However, the plates will exert pressure on the inner wall of the battery and cause the battery case to swell up. The plates may expand due to overcharging or short-circuiting.

Release Acid Vapors:

The battery is sealed using safety valves. Under normal operating conditions, the safety valves remain closed so that the gases generated during the charging process can recombine within the battery. However, if the internal pressure exceeds safety limits, the safety valves will open to allow the excess gases including acid vapors to escape. The internal pressure may increase due to overcharging.

It depends on the type of battery or batteries you have on your battery bank. It will typically be written on the battery itself. The Voyager controller has the options SEL for sealed battery, GEL for Gel battery, Fld for Flooded battery, and LI for Lithium battery. Consult your battery manufacturer if you are unsure.